# Running boosted-frame simulations¶

This page gives a quick overview of boosted-frame simulations, a technique which can speed up certain types of PIC simulations by orders of magnitude.

After explaining the principle of this technique (in the case of laser-wakefield acceleration, or LWFA), this page discusses how to handle three important aspects of boosted-frame simulations with FBPIC:

• Converting the input parameters from the lab frame to the boosted frame
• Converting simulation results from the boosted frame to the lab frame
• Avoiding the numerical Cherenkov instability (NCI)

## Principle of the boosted-frame technique (for LWFA)¶

Instead of running the simulation in the reference frame of the laboratory (or lab frame for short), this technique consists in running the simulation in a different Lorentz frame, which moves in the same direction as the laser (the boosted frame). The boosted frame is characterized by its Lorentz factor $$\gamma_b$$.

When performing this Lorentz transformation, the changes in space-time are computationally favorable:

• In the boosted frame, the laser is stretched and has a lower frequency.
This allows the PIC loop to use a larger time step and cell size (in $$z$$) than in the lab frame, while still resolving the laser. (More precisely, $$\Delta z_{boosted} \approx 2\gamma_b \Delta z_{lab}$$ and $$\Delta t_{boosted} \approx 2\gamma_b \Delta t_{lab}$$)
• In the boosted frame, the plasma is shorter and moves relativistically towards the laser.
This implies that the time needed for the laser to propagate through the plasma is shorter than in the lab frame, and that similarly the simulation will be shorter.

These changes in space-time are represented below.

On the whole (taking into account the longer timestep and shorter propagation time), the number of required PIC iterations is reduced in the boosted frame:

$N_{iterations, boosted} = \frac{1}{2\gamma_{boost}^2} N_{iterations, lab}$

which can speed up the simulation by orders of magnitude. For more details on the theory of boosted-frame simulations, see the original paper on this technique.

Note

In the boosted frame, the plasma has a higher density ($$n_{boosted} = \gamma_b n_{lab}$$). Because of this, and because of the larger cell size, each plasma macroparticle typically represents more physical particles in the boosted frame than in the lab frame (at least when keeping the same number of macroparticles per cell).

This implies that simulating self-injection in the boosted frame will result in less macroparticles in the injected beam than in the lab frame, and therefore less statistics when evaluating e.g. the beam emittance and charge. In extreme cases (when the number of physical particles per macroparticle is comparable to the total number of self-injected particles), self-injection may not occur at all in the boosted-frame simulation.

More generally, for simulations involving injection, it is good practice to occasionally compare the results with different $$\gamma_b$$, in order to make sure that the simulation is properly converged.

Warning

In lab-frame simulations, the ions are essentially motionless and the current $$\boldsymbol{j}$$ that they produce is negligeable compared to that of the electrons. For this reason (and because the PIC algorithm essentially only uses the current $$\boldsymbol{j}$$ in order to update the fields: see Overview of the code), the ions are often omitted from the simulation, in order to save computational time. (And in fact, the argument initialize_ions in the Simulation object is set to False by default.)

However, this is no longer valid in boosted-frame simulation, because in this case the ions move with relativistic speed and do produce a non-negligible current $$\boldsymbol{j}$$. Therefore, in boosted-frame simulations, the ions are required. Make sure to include them, either by setting the flag initialize_ions=True in the Simulation object, or by adding them separately with add_new_species.

## Converting input parameters from the lab frame to the boosted frame¶

When running a simulation in the boosted frame, all the parameters (e.g. laser wavelength, plasma density, etc.) needed to be converted from their known value in the lab frame to their corresponding value in the boosted frame.

Fortunately, most functions and classes in FBPIC can perform this conversion automatically, so that the user only needs to pass the lab-frame values, along with the value of $$\gamma_b$$. For instance, the fbpic.main.Simulation class will automatically convert the timestep and box size from typical lab-frame values to the corresponding boosted-frame values.

Note

You will still need to adjust, by hand, the number of PIC iterations (which is typically lower in the boosted frame than in the lab frame, as explained above).

For each function or class that you use, please look at the corresponding documentation in the section API reference to see if it supports automatic parameter conversion. If it is not the case, you can instead use the fbpic.lpa_utils.boosted_frame.BoostConverter, which implements the Lorentz transform formulas for the most common physical quantities.

You can see an example of these different methods for parameter conversion in the boosted-frame example script of the section How to run the code.

## Converting simulation results from the boosted frame to the lab frame¶

Although the simulation runs in the boosted frame, it is desirable to have the results in the lab frame, since this is usually easier to interpret.

FBPIC implements on-the-fly conversion of the results, and can thus output the fields and macroparticles directly in the lab frame. See the documentation of the classes fbpic.openpmd_diag.BoostedFieldDiagnostic and fbpic.openpmd_diag.BoostedParticleDiagnostic in order to use this feature.

Warning

When using the regular classes fbpic.openpmd_diag.FieldDiagnostic, and fbpic.openpmd_diag.ParticleDiagnostic, the corresponding diagnostics will contain the fields and macroparticles in the boosted frame.

Note

By default, the converted diagnostics (i.e. in the lab frame) are stored in the folder lab_diags, while the raw diagnostics (i.e. in the boosted frame) are stored in the folder diags.

Because of non-simultaneity between Lorentz frames, the files in lab_diags will be filled progressively with data, from the right-hand side of the simulation box to its left-hand side, as the simulation runs. If the chosen number of PIC iterations is insufficient, then some of these files may be incomplete. (This typically shows up as the fields being zero in the left-hand side of the box.)

## Avoiding the Numerical Cherenkov Instability (NCI)¶

When running simulations in the boosted frame, a numerical instability (known as the Numerical Cherenkov Instability, or NCI) can potentially affect the simulation and degrade its results.

FBPIC suppresses this instability by using the Galilean technique. (See the original papers here and here for more information on this technique.) In order to use this suppression algorithm, the user simply needs to set the argument v_comoving of the fbpic.main.Simulation class to a velocity close to:

$v_{comoving} = -c \sqrt{1 - \frac{1}{\gamma_b^2}}$

(Again, see the example in the section How to run the code)

Warning

The suppression of the NCI is only effective in the case where

$c\Delta t_{boosted} < \Delta r_{boosted}$

or in terms of corresponding lab-frame quantities:

$c\Delta t_{lab} < \frac{\Delta r_{lab}}{2\gamma_b}$

In the case where the above condition is not met, there is, to our knowledge, no existing solution to suppress the NCI. Note that FBPIC does not check whether the above condition is met in a given simulation ; instead the user is responsible for ensuring this.